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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Hi all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Can we have a quick chat about Academic Freedom? I am frankly fed up with this being trotted out in multiple discussions in relation to open access. It is akin to the PhD student who recently tearfully told
me that the University’s requirement for her to provide a digital version of her thesis in addition to the hardbound one was a ‘breach of her human rights’. I feel the academic freedom argument is moving into similar levels of hysteria.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">I wrote a blog recently that addresses this issue:
</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412"><a href="https://unlockingresearch-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=1905"><span style="color:#BC360A;text-decoration:none">Scare campaigns, we have seen a few</span></a>
<a href="https://unlockingresearch-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=1905">https://unlockingresearch-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=1905</a> (relevant bits below)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#141412">U</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">sually I hear ‘Academic Freedom’ thrown in in relation to being able to choose where to publish. On the SCHOLCOMM and GOAL lists in the discussion about
Willinsky’s copyright proposal, academic freedom has been thrown into the mix again.
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Given, there is potentially some validity in the statement that:
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">“Policies that impact academics that are not developed and supported by academics are not consistent with academic freedom.”
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">But copyright ownership (other than the moral right to be identified as an author of a work), and the place of publication are NOT enshrined in academic freedom.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">Academic Freedom is not being threatened by copyright licensing requirements. This is a stupid side issue. We are fiddling while Rome burns. The real threat to academic freedom is the systematic
undermining of expertise and academia. As the UK justice secretary recently said - “People in this country have had enough of experts”
<a href="https://www.ft.com/content/3be49734-29cb-11e6-83e4-abc22d5d108c">https://www.ft.com/content/3be49734-29cb-11e6-83e4-abc22d5d108c</a> Let’s not even begin to talk about what is happening in the land of stripes and stars.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Let’s keep focus on the issues that matter.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Danny<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">*****************************************<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="mso-margin-top-alt:16.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:16.5pt;margin-left:0cm;background:white">
<span style="font-size:16.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#141412">The new scare – threats to ‘Academic Freedom’<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:18.0pt;margin-left:0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;word-spacing:0px">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">The term ‘Academic Freedom’ comes up a fair bit in discussions about open access. In his tweet sent during the Researcher to Reader conference*, one of my Advisory Board colleagues Rick Anderson <a href="https://twitter.com/Looptopper/status/968463945190313984"><span style="color:#BC360A">tweeted
this comment</span></a>:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:18.0pt;margin-left:0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;word-spacing:0px">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">“Most startling thing said to me in conversation at the #R2RConf:<br>
<em><span style="font-family:Helvetica">“I wonder how much longer academic freedom will be tolerated in IHEs.” (Specific context: authors being allowed to choose where they publish.)</span></em><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:18.0pt;margin-left:0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;word-spacing:0px">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">In this blog I’d like to pick up on the ‘Academic Freedom’ part of the comment (which is not Rick’s, he was quoting).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:18.0pt;margin-left:0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;word-spacing:0px">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">Academic Freedom, according to a summary in the <a href="https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2010/12/21/defining-academic-freedom"><span style="color:#BC360A">Times Higher Education</span></a> is
primarily that <strong><span style="font-family:Helvetica">“Academic freedom means that both faculty members and students can engage in intellectual debate without fear of censorship or retaliation”</span></strong>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:18.0pt;margin-left:0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;word-spacing:0px">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">This definition was based on the American Association of University Professors’ (AAUP) <a href="https://www.aaup.org/report/1940-statement-principles-academic-freedom-and-tenure"><span style="color:#BC360A">Statement
on Academic Freedom</span></a> which includes, quite specifically, “full freedom in research and in the publication of results”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:18.0pt;margin-left:0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;word-spacing:0px">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">Personally I read that as meaning academics should be <em><span style="font-family:Helvetica">allowed</span></em> to publish, not that they have full freedom in choosing <em><span style="font-family:Helvetica">where</span></em>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:18.0pt;margin-left:0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;word-spacing:0px">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">Rick has since <a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2018/03/05/open-letter-aaup-faculty-authors-full-freedom-publication/"><span style="color:#BC360A">contacted the AAUP</span></a> to
ask for clarification on this topic. Last Friday, he tweeted that the AAUP has declined to revisit the 1940 statement to clarify the ‘freedom in publication’ statement in light of evolution of scholarly communication since 1940.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:18.0pt;margin-left:0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;word-spacing:0px">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">The reason why the Academic Freedom/ ‘restricting choice of publication’ threat(s) is so concerning to the research community has changed over time. In the past it was essential to be able to
publish in specific outlets because colleagues would only read certain publications. Those publications were effectively the academic ‘voice’. However today, with online publication and search engines this argument no longer holds.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:18.0pt;margin-left:0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;word-spacing:0px">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">What does matter however is the publication in certain journals is necessary because of the way people are valued and rewarded. <strong><span style="font-family:Helvetica">The problem is not
open access, the problem is the reward system to which we are beholden</span></strong>. And the commercial publishing industry is fully aware of this.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:18.0pt;margin-left:0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;word-spacing:0px">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">So let’s be clear. Academic Freedom is about freedom of expression rather than freedom of publication outlet and ties into Robert Merton’s <a href="http://www.collier.sts.vt.edu/5424/pdfs/merton_1973.pdf"><span style="color:#BC360A">1942
norms of science </span></a>which are:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:0cm;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:white">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#141412"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><strong><span style="font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">“communalism”</span></strong><span style="font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">: all scientists should have common ownership of scientific goods (intellectual property),
to promote collective collaboration; secrecy is the opposite of this norm.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:0cm;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:white">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#141412"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><strong><span style="font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">universalism</span></strong><span style="font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">: scientific validity is independent of the sociopolitical status/personal attributes of its
participants<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:0cm;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:white">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#141412"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><strong><span style="font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">disinterestedness</span></strong><span style="font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">: scientific institutions act for the benefit of a common scientific enterprise, rather
than for the personal gain of individuals within them<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:0cm;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:white">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#141412"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><strong><span style="font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">organized scepticism</span></strong><span style="font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">: scientific claims should be exposed to critical scrutiny before being accepted:
both in methodology and institutional codes of conduct.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:18.0pt;margin-left:0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;word-spacing:0px">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#141412">If a publisher is preventing a researcher from publishing in a journal based on their funding or institutional policy rather than the content of the work being submitted then this is entirely
in contravention of all of Robert Merton’s norms of science. <strong><span style="font-family:Helvetica">But the publisher is not, as it happens, threatening the Academic Freedom of that author.</span></strong><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">Dr Danny Kingsley</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">Deputy Director - Scholarly Communication & Research Services</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">Head, Office of Scholarly Communication</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">Cambridge University Library</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">West Road, CB3 9DR</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">e: <a href="mailto:dak45@cam.ac.uk"><span style="color:#6D294C">dak45@cam.ac.uk</span></a></span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">p: 01223 747 437</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">m: 07711 500 564</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">t: @dannykay68</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">w: <a href="http://www.osc.cam.ac.uk/"><span style="color:#813B5F">www.osc.cam.ac.uk</span></a></span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">b: <a href="https://unlockingresearch.blog.lib.cam.ac.uk"><span style="color:blue">https://unlockingresearch.blog.lib.cam.ac.uk</span></a> </span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">o: </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#39393B">orcid.org/0000-0002-3636-5939</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black"><img border="0" width="450" height="114" style="width:4.6875in;height:1.1875in" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.png@01D3C347.1CC0AD40" alt="/Users/dak45/Library/Containers/com.microsoft.Outlook/Data/Library/Caches/Signatures/signature_404167699"></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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