<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 50, 51); font-family: Verdana; ">*** Apologies for Cross-Posting ***</span></div><div><blockquote class="webkit-indent-blockquote" style="margin: 0 0 0 40px; border: none; padding: 0px;">
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<b>Comments on:</b></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #333233">Ginsparg, Paul (2011) <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7359/full/476145a.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><b>Arxiv at 20</b></span></a>. <i>Nature</i> 476: 145–147 doi:10.1038/476145a</p>
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<br></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #003366"><span style="color: #333233">Fischman, Josh (2011) <a href="http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/the-first-free-research-sharing-site-arxiv-turns-20/32778#disqus_thread"><span style="color: #003366"><b>Anonymous FTP Achives.</b></span><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><b> The First Free Research-Sharing Site, arXiv, Turns 20 With an Uncertain Future</b></span></a>. <i>Chronicle of Higher Education</i> August 10, 2011</span></p>
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<div><br></div><div><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #333233"><b>Anonymous FTP archives. </b><a href="http://roar.eprints.org/89/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">Arxiv </span></a>(1991) was an invaluable milestone on the road to <a href="http://www.soros.org/openaccess"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">Open Access</span></a>. But it was not the first free research-sharing site: That began in the 1970's with the internet itself, with authors making their papers freely accessible to all users net-wide by <a href="http://www.arl.org/sc/subversive/i-overture-the-subversive-proposal.shtml"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">self-archiving</span></a> them in their own local institutional "<a href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc959/2_Overview.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">anonymous FTP archives</span></a>." </p>
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<p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #333233"><b>Distributed local websites. </b>With the creation of the world wide web in 1990, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">HTTP</span></a> began replacing FTP sites for the self-archiving of papers on authors' institutional websites. FTP and HTTP sites were mostly local and distributed, but accessible free for all, webwide. Arxiv was the first important <i>central</i> HTTP site for research self-archiving, with physicists webwide all depositing their papers in one central locus (first hosted at Los Alamos). Arxiv's remarkable growth and success were due to both its timeliness and the fact that it had emerged from a widespread practice among high energy physicists that had already predated the web, namely, to share hard copies of their papers before publication by mailing them to central preprint distribution sites such as <a href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">SLAC</span></a> and <a href="http://roarmap.eprints.org/10/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">CERN</span></a>. </p>
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<p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #333233"><b>Central harvesting and search.</b> At the same time, while physicists were taking to central self-archiving, in other disciplines (particularly computer science), distributed self-archiving continued to grow. Later web developments, notably google and webwide harvesting and search engines, continued to make distributed self-archiving more and more powerful and attractive. Meanwhile, under the stimulus of Arxiv itself, the <a href="http://www.openarchives.org/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">Open Archives Initiative (OAI)</span></a> was created in 1999 -- a metadata-harvesting protocol that made all distributed OAI-compliant websites <i>interoperable</i>, as if their distributed local contents were all in one global, searchable archive.</p>
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<p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #333233"><b>No need for direct central deposit in google!</b> Together, google and OAI probably marked the end of the need for central archives. The cost and effort can instead be distributed across institutions, with all the essential search and retrieval functionality provided by automated central "overlay" services for harvesting, indexing, search and retrieval (e.g., <a href="http://www.oclc.org/oaister/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">OAIster</span></a>, <a href="http://www.scirus.com/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">Scirus</span></a>, <a href="http://www.base-search.net/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">Base</span></a> and <a href="http://scholar.google.com/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">Google Scholar</span></a>). Arxiv continues to flourish, because two decades of invaluable service to the physics community has several generations of users deeply committed to it. But no other dedicated central archive has arisen since. Like computer scientists, whose local, distributed self-archiving is harvested centrally by <a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">Citeseerx</span></a>, economists, for example, self-archive institutionally, with central harvesting by <a href="http://repec.org/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">RepEc</span></a>.</p>
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<p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #333233"><b>Mandating self-archiving.</b> In biomedicine, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">PubMed Central</span></a> looks to be an exception, with direct central depositing rather than local. But PubMed Central was not a direct author initiative, like anonymous FTP, author websites or Arxiv. It was designed by <a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">NLM</span></a>, deposit was mandated by <a href="http://roarmap.eprints.org/26/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">NIH</span></a>, and deposit is done not only by authors but by publishers.</p>
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<p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #333233"><b>Institutions are the universal research providers.</b> Open Access is still <a href="http://poynder.blogspot.com/2011/06/open-access-by-numbers.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">growing</span></a> far more slowly than it might, and one of the factors holding it back might be notional conflicts between <a href="http://bit.ly/INSTcentOA"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">institutional and central archiving</span></a>. It is clear that Open Access self-archiving will have to be universally mandated, if all disciplines are to enjoy its benefits (maximized research access, uptake, usage and <a href="http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">impact</span></a>, minimized <a href="http://www.jisc.ac.uk/publications/reports/2009/economicpublishingmodelsfinalreport.aspx"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366">costs</span></a>). The universal providers of all research paper output, funded and unfunded, are the world's universities and research institutions, distributed globally across all scholarly and scientific disciplines, all languages, and all national boundaries. </p>
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<p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #333233"><b>Deposit institutionally, harvest centrally.</b> Hence funder self-archiving mandates like NIH's and institutional self-archiving mandates like Harvard's need to join forces to reinforce one another rather than to complete for the same papers, and the most natural, efficient and economical way to do this is for both institutiions and funders to mandate that all self-archivingshould be done locally, in the author's institutional OAI-compliant repository. The contents of the institutional repositories can then be harvested automatically by central OAI-compliant repositories such as PubMed Central (as well as by google and other central harvesters) for global indexing and search.</p>
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<p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #333233"><b>Distribute the archiving, rather than the cost.</b> In this light, Arxiv's self-funding pains may be a wake-up call: Why should Cornell University (or a "wealthy donor") subsidize a cost that institutions can best "sponsor" by each doing (and mandating) their own distributed archiving locally (thereby reducing total cost, to boot)? After all, no one deposits directly in Google…</p>
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<p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #333233"><b>Stevan Harnad</b></p>
<p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #003366"><span style="text-decoration: underline"><a href="http://www.openscholarship.org/"><b>EnablingOpenScholarship</b></a></span></p>
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</div><blockquote class="webkit-indent-blockquote" style="margin: 0 0 0 40px; border: none; padding: 0px;"><div><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #003366"><span style="color: #333233"><b>"</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><a href="http://openaccess.eprints.org/index.php?/archives/369-guid.htm"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><b>How to Integrate University and Funder Open Access Mandates</b></span></a><b>"</b></span></p>
</div><div><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #333233; min-height: 16.0px"><br></p></div><div><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #333233"><b>SUMMARY: </b></p>
<i>Research funder open-access mandates (such as </i><a href="http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/fullinfo.php?inst=National%20Institutes%20of%20Health%20%28NIH%29"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><i>NIH</i></span></a><i>'s) and university open-access mandates (such as </i><a href="http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/fullinfo.php?inst=Harvard%20University%20Faculty%20of%20Arts%20and%20Sciences"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><i>Harvard</i></span></a><i>'s) are complementary. There is a simple way to integrate them to make them synergistic and mutually reinforcing: </i></div>
<div><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #333233"><i> Universities' own </i></p><a href="http://roar.eprints.org/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><i>Institutional Repositories (IRs)</i></span></a><i> are the natural locus for the direct deposit of their own research output: Universities (and research institutions) are the universal research providers of </i><span style="text-decoration: underline"><i>all</i></span><i> research (funded and unfunded, in all fields) and have a direct interest in archiving, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and showcasing their own research assets -- as well as in maximizing their uptake, usage and </i><a href="http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><i>impact</i></span></a><i>. </i></div>
<div><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #333233"><i> </i></p><span style="text-decoration: underline"><i>Both</i></span><i> universities and funders should accordingly </i><a href="http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><i>mandate</i></span></a><i> deposit of all peer-reviewed final drafts (postprints), </i><a href="http://openaccess.eprints.org/index.php?/archives/136-guid.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><i>in each author's own university IR, immediately upon acceptance for publication</i></span></a><i>, for institutional and funder record-keeping purposes. Access to that immediate postprint deposit in the author's university IR may be set immediately as Open Access if </i><a href="http://romeo.eprints.org/stats.php"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><i>copyright conditions</i></span></a><i> allow; otherwise access can be set as </i><a href="http://openaccess.eprints.org/index.php?/archives/274-guid.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><i>Closed Access</i></span></a><i>, pending </i><a href="http://www.arl.org/sparc/advocacy/nih/copyright.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><i>copyright negotiations or embargoes</i></span></a><i>. All the rest of the conditions described by </i><a href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~secfas/February_2008_Agenda.pdf"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><i>universities</i></span></a><i> and </i><a href="http://publicaccess.nih.gov/policy.htm"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><i>funders</i></span></a><i> should accordingly apply only to the timing and copyright conditions for setting open access to those deposits, not to the depositing itself, its locus or its timing.</i></div>
<div><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Verdana; color: #333233"><i> As a result, (1) there will be a common deposit locus for all research output worldwide; (2) university mandates will reinforce and monitor compliance with funder mandates; (3) funder mandates will reinforce university mandates; (4) </i></p>
<a href="http://www.arl.org/sparc/advocacy/nih/copyright.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><i>legal details concerning open-access provision, copyright and embargoes</i></span></a><i> will be applied independently of deposit itself, on a case by case basis, according to the conditions of each mandate; (5) </i><a href="http://openaccess.eprints.org/index.php?/archives/364-guid.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><i>opt-outs</i></span></a><i> will apply only to copyright negotiations, not to deposit itself, nor its timing; and (6) any central OA repositories can then </i><a href="http://openaccess.eprints.org/index.php?/archives/341-guid.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; color: #003366"><i>harvest</i></span></a><i> the postprints from the authors' IRs under the agreed conditions at the agreed time, if they wish.</i></div>
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